Apple - A brief History about the Legendary Company

1967-1975

• 1967: Jef Raskin (Mac creator) writes Ph.D. thesis on the Graphical User Interface (GUI) at Penn State University. In his thesis he coins the term "QuickDraw" for the first time. This will eventualy become the name of the Mac's graphics routine 17 years later.
• 1968: Bill Fernandez introduces his high school buddy Steve Jobs to his neighbor Steve Wozniak. Enough said.
• 1970: Xerox opens Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), and employs the greatest minds in the field to research advances in computer science. Raskin begins to take several trips to PARC as a visiting scholar for the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
• 1972: Jobs becomes one of the first 50 employees at Atari, under Atari founder Nolan K. Bushnell. Jobs later asks Woz for help in creating the sequel to the smash hit "Pong", entitled "Breakout". Jobs cheats Woz out of $5000.
• 1973: PARC finishes work on the $40,000 Alto. It becomes the first true PC, and first GUI-operated computer. It also used the first laser printer, and was connected to other Altos using the first Ethernet network.
• 1975: Woz begins attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club. Woz becomes intrigued by the Altair 8800 often shown there. He cannot afford one so he decides to build his own microcomputer. Work begins on the Apple I.

1976

• March: Woz finishes work on the Apple I. He first asks his employer, Hewlett Packard, if they are interested in an $800 machine that runs BASIC. All the departments in HP turns down his offer.
• April 1: Apple Computer Company is founded by Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs, and Ron Wayne.
• May: $666.66 Apple I introduced at the Home Brew Computer Club meeting. Paul Terell, president of Byte Shop chain, makes 50 orders.
• June: Byte Shop order finished 1 day before deadline. Ron Wayne leaves company.
• Fall: Woz shows an Apple II prototype to Commodore representatives. Commodore turns him down.
• August: Jobs asks his former boss, Nolan Bushnell, for information on investors. Bushnell recommends Don Valentine, who in turn recommends Mike Markkula, who becomes a key person in Apple's history for over twenty years.
• October: Commodore buys MOS Technology, the company who makes the processors powered by the Apple I and II.

1977

• January 3: Apple Computer, Inc. is officially created after the company is incorporated. Mike Markkula invests $92,000 in Apple, with intent to invest $250,000.
• April: The Apple II is publicly introduced for $1295.

1978

• January 3: 34-year-old Jef Raskin joins Apple Computer exactly one year after becoming incorporated. Becomes employee #31.
• June 17: Jobs' daughter, Lisa Nicole, is born out of wedlock. He initially denies the possibility of being the father, but came to accept her.

1979

• January: Daniel Fylstra writes CalcuLedger (later to become VisiCalc). Offers it to Apple and Microsoft for $1 million. Both turn him down.
• Spring: Raskin refuses proposal to work on Annie Project, a $500 game machine. Suggests a GUI project instead.
• May: Raskin writes proposal for the PITS (Person In The Street's) Computer. It would supposedly to solve the complexities of the Apple II.
• June: Apple II+ introduced for $1195.
• July 30: The Lisa Project, a $2000 Apple III-like computer, begins under Ken Rothmuller. Expected release was March 1981.
• August: Apple liscenses AppleSoft BASIC from Microsoft for $21,000. Written by Randy Wigginton, who also created MacWrite.
• September: Raskin gets approval to begin work on Macintosh Project, a $500 portable computer smilar to his PITS proposal.
• October: Fylstra releases VisiCalc. It becomes one of the most successful programs ever, being the first "killer app".
• November: Jobs takes his first visit to PARC in exchange for allowing Xerox to invest $1 million in Apple.
• December: Jobs returns to PARC with several vice presidents and management heads.

1980

• March: Lisa project revamped to include all the features of the Alto, with several more. Rothmuller complains the specs are too much to be accomplished if they want to retain the current release schedule and keep the final price reasonable. Jobs fires Rothmuller for "not cooperating", later replaced by John Couch.
• Summer: Jobs hires 15 Xerox employees to work on the Lisa Project.
• May 19: The Apple III is released at the National Computer Conference (NCC) for $4340 to $7800 depending on configuration.
• December 12: Apple goes public. Apple's share rises 32% that day, making 40 employees instant millionares. Jobs, the largest shareholder, makes $217 million dollars alone. Markkula makes $203 million that day, an incomprehensible 220,700% return on investment . Neither Jef Raskin, nor Daniel Kottke (one of the original Apple employees) were allowed to buy stock and so made no money during this time.

1981

• January: Jobs forces himself into the Macintosh Project, after earlier dismissing and often trying to cancel it.
• March: Mike Markkula becomes president of Apple. The original ship date for the Lisa is missed, coming out 3 years later.
• June: An improved variation of the Alto, the $16,595 Xerox Star is introduced at NCC. It included dragging and double clicking of icons.
• August 12: IBM introduces the IBM PC for $1565. With 16k RAM, a 5.25" floppy drive, running the first version of MS-DOS, it is a rather pitiful computer that rarely reached the efficiency of the Apple II released 4 years earlier. Nevertheless, it becomes an instant success.

1982

• January 22: Jobs convinces Bill to write a BASIC interpreter for the Mac. This will become the failed MS BASIC.
• February: The Mac case-design is finished and finally approved. All the signatures of the members of the project are placed inside the mold.
• March 1: After Jobs forces Raskin out of the Macintosh project, he officially resigns.
• July 30: The applications bundled with the Lisa finally work together under the OS for the first time.
• September 1: Lisa is declared ready for market.
• Late in the year: Chiat/Day writes "1984" ad, originally for the Apple II. It is never run.

1983

• January 19: The Lisa is introduced for $9998. The Apple IIe is introduced for $1395, later aguably becoming the most successful and most popular Apple computer. It will be produced for 10 and a half more years.
• Spring: Chiat/Day rewrites "1984" for use in the now famous commercial advertising the Macintosh during Super Bowl XVIII.
• May: Apple enters Fortune 500 at #411 after only five years of existence. It becomes the fastest growing company in history.
• April 8: JObs convinces John Sculley, tehn president of PepsiCo, to become president and CEO of Apple.
• May 16: The original ship date for the Macintosh at the NCC is missed.
• September: Lisa released without bundled software for $6995.
• October 7: The Macintosh Introduction Plan, a list of popular developers and celebrities that are invited to beta-test the Mac, is written.
• November: The Lisa and Macintosh divisions are combined to form the Apple 32 SuperMicro Division.
• December: The Apple III+ is introduced for $2995. It replaced the defective Apple III models.
• December 15: Chiat/Day airs "1984" for the first time. It was aired in the sign-off slot of KMVT Channel 11, at 1:00 AM (coincidentally, on my third birthday). This is customary for the company, so it can be elligible for the advertising awards issued that year.
• Late 1983: IBM sells 1 million IBM PCs, and introduces the big flop IBM PC/Jr.
• Bill Gates first announces Windows, and how the GUI will revolutionize the PC. Microsoft will not release it for 4 more years.

1984

• January 17: The 30-second version of "1984" appears in theater previews across the country. It was so admired, it was often replayed for free.
• January 22: Apple airs "1984" during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII to a crowd of
• January 24: $2495 Macintosh and $3495 Lisa 2 introduced.
• April 24: Apple IIc introduced at the Apple Forever Conference in San Diego. The Apple III+ is finally discontinued.
• September: Apple IIc wins Industrial Design Excellence Award.
• Microsoft announces and released Word, Multiplan, File, Chart, BASIC, and other programs.

1985

• January: Apple renames the Lisa 2/10 the Macintosh XL, and discontinues all other Lisa configurations.
• January 20: "Lemmings" commercial bombs at Super Bowl XIX.
• March: Apple IIe enchanced introduced.
• April 29: Macintosh XL discontinued.
• May 15: The last Lisa/Mac XL is produced at a Carrollton, Texas factory. Sun Remarketing buys thousands of the last Lisas, and is able to sell most of them at fair prices after upgrading them with current Macintosh technology.
• May 24: Jobs tries to force Sculley out of Apple by forming a coup against him.
• May 31: Jobs is stripped of all his duties. He job description becomes "global thinker", and his remote office dubbed "Siberia".
• July 29: Gates sends Scully a memo suggesting licensing of the Mac OS and prospective companies who might create Mac clones.
• September: Apple sells 500,000 Macintosh models.
• September 12: Jobs announces intent to create new company with other "lower-level" employees.
• September 17: Jobs distributes his resignation letter to Apple and several other news media figures.
• September 23: Apples files suit against Jobs. Apple claims Jobs knows sensitive technology secrets that he might use in his new company.
• November 22: Sculley signs agreement to let Bill Gates use Mac technology in Windows, if Microsoft continues to produce products for the Mac.
• Microsoft releases Excel for Macintosh.

1986

• January: Apple settles law suit against Jobs out of court. Jobs agrees not to hire any Apple employees for 6 months, and to always make computers that are more powerful than anything Apple has to offer...yes, you read right.
• February: Jobs finishes selling all but one of his 6.5 million shares of stock to begin NeXT, Inc.
• June: Paul Rand, responsible for the IBM logo, designs the NeXT logo and suggests the use of the small "e".
• September: The Apple IIGS is introduced for $999.
• Aldus introduces the TIFF format, later to become the desktop publishing standard. Compaq introduces the first Intel 386 PC, replacing IBM as the PC technology leader.

1987

• January: Apple renames the Lisa 2/10 the Macintosh XL, and discontinues all other Lisa configurations.
• January 3: Apple celebrates its tenth birthday. A coffee table book, So Far, later chronicles the experiences of the last ten years.
• Early in the year: Ross Perot invests $20 million in NeXT, Inc.
• Spring: Projected release of first NeXT machine. The NeXT Computer would be a year and a half late.
• March 17: Apple declares 6 different Mac Pluses the 1 milionth Mac. Raskin is presented with one of them, which he still uses.
• August 11: Microsoft releases the first version of its GUI OS, Windows 1.01. It's arcane user interface is almost unsuable, a large disapointment.
• The IIe extended is introduced. Raskin releases the Canon Cat, a computer that was much more like his PITS proposal several years back. Though it fails to become popular due to lack of production by Canon, it wins several design awards.

1988

• January: Microsoft releases the second version of Windows, version 2.03. Seeing as 1.01 was almost unusable, many improvements (much of which was taken from the Mac) were made. Such include Mac-like icons, and overlapping instead of tiling windows. Even so, Windows was still not up to par to the first Alto OS, written 15 years before.
• September: The Apple IIc+, the last in the Apple II line, is introduced. GS/OS System 1, a Mac-like GUI for the IIGS, is introduced.
• October 12: the NeXT Computer is released for $6500. It included a 25 MHz '30 processor, 8 MB RAM, 250 MB optical disk drive, math co-processor, digital processor for real time sound, faxmodem, and a 17" monitor. Apple's newest Mac was half as fast, with no peripherals for $1000 more.

1989

• February: Apple Corps., the Beatle's record company, files a trademark infringement suit against Apple.
• September: Apple rents space at the Logan landfill and trashes the remaining 2,700 Lisa models.
• September 18: The NeXTstep OS is introduced. It will eventually be bought by Apple and used in its next generation OS, Rhapsody.

1990

• February: Dan'l Lewin, a NeXT founder, resigns.
• May 22: Windows 3.0 released
• September 18: The NeXTstation is released for $4995, one year after the introduction of the NeXTstep OS. It used the new 25 MHz '40, 2.88 MB floppy drive, 105MB HD, 8MB RAM, and monochrome monitor. Also introduced was the NeXTstation Color for $7995 with a 16" monitor capable of 4,096 colors, and 12 MB RAM. The $7995 NeXTcube was next, with the same configuration as a NeXTstation Color except it could use a 32-bit video board for 16.7 million colors in Adobe's Display Postscript.

1991

• January: Microsoft releases the second version of Windows, version 2.03. Seeing as 1.01 was almost unusable, many improvements (much of which was taken from the Mac) were made. Such include Mac-like icons, and overlapping instead of tiling windows. Windows was still not up to par to the first Alto OS, written 15 years after the release of Win 2.03.
• April: Susan Barnes, a NeXT founder, resigns.
• April 12: Sculley gives a demonstration to IBM engineers of a IBM PS/2 Model 70 running Pink, a now defunct object-oriented OS that made IBM-compatible computers look a lot like Macs running System 7.
• June: Ross Perot, one of NeXT's board of directors and founder, resigns saying it was one of his biggest mistakes.
• July 3: IBM sent a letter of intent to Apple, saying it would help finish Pink and liscense its RISC processor in the works (PowerPC).
• October 2: The Apple/IBM alliance becomes official. Among the many agreements, Apple and IBM will create PowerPC-based machines and produce two companies, Taligent and Kaleida. The former a now-defunct company that worked on the now-defunct Pink, the latter a company that produces multimedia tools.
• October 9: Apple settled suit with Apple Corps, agreeing to pay $26.5 million.

1992

• January 22: Steve Jobs announces NeXTstep 3.0, NeXTstep 486, a version of NeXTstep that could run on an Intel 486 simultaneously with MS-DOS, and promises 33 MHz '40 processor versions of the NeXTcube and NeXTstation/Color at the NeXTWORLD Expo in San Fransisco. NeXT would eventually move its OS entirely to the Intel x86 platform.Coincidently, the exposition is held at the same time and in the same city as the Macworld Expo.
• March-May: Microsoft introduces Windows 3.1. Microsoft does not make another update (besides 3.11) for 3 years. Even today Windows 3.1 has about 40% market share. Windows 95 and Mac OS are both at around 16-17%.
• Late September: NeXTstep 3.0 is released.
• June: Bud Tribble, a NeXT founder, resigns.

1993

• January: Rich Page, a NeXT founder, resigns.
• February 10: Jobs lays off 280 of his 530 NeXT employees on "Black Tuesday". Sells his hardware line to Canon, and tries to become a Microsoft-like company by concentrating only on the NeXTstep OS for the Intel x86 platform.
• April: Motorola ships the first 50 MHz and 66 MHz PowerPC 601. The first generation of PowerPCs has begun. George Crow, the last NeXT founder besides Jobs, resigns.
• May: NeXTstep for Intel Processors (compatible with 486 and Pentium processors) is released.
• June 18: Michael Spindler replaces Sculley as CEO of Apple. Sculley holds chaiman position.
• September: Software developers, most notably Aldus and Adobe, show beta native-PowerPC versions of their applications.
• October: IBM releases 50 MHz, 66 MHz, and 80 MHz PowerPC 601, and an 80 MHz 604.
• October 15: Sculley resigns from Apple, joins the ailing Spectrum.
• November: Apple liscenses PowerPC ROMs to DayStar Digital, so they can begin creating PPC Upgrade cards. DayStar also later becomes one of the first Mac OS liscense holders, as well an authority in multiprocessing PowerPC-based Macs.

1994

• January: Apple releases the 66 MHz PowerPC Upgrade Card, the first commercial PowerPC product.
• February: Apple announces the Copland Project (defunct Mac OS 8, superceded by Rhapsody).
• May 9: Kaleida lays off 20% of its employees.
• March 14: Apple releases the first PowerMacs (6100/60, 7100/66, 8100/80) using the PowerPC 601.
• June: Apple releases System 7.5, with a bunch of new features everybody already had as shareware.
• September: Apple licenses the Mac OS to Radius and Power Computing.
• November-December: IBM and Motorola ship 66 MHz and 80 MHz 603, and a 100 MHz 604. PReP (a.k.a. CHRP, PPCP) Project begins, which will be able to run Windows 95/NT and the Mac OS in one PowerPC machine.
• An object oriented version of Windows NT (3.5?) is released.

1995

• February: IBM and Motorola introduce the 100 MHz 603e, up to 30% faster than a 603.
• April: IBM releases 120 MHz 601.
• May: Power Computing releases the first Mac clones, including the very successful Power 100.
• June: Apple releases the first PCI Mac, the $5000 PowerMac 9500/120 using the new Tsunami motherboard.
• November: PReP becomes CHRP as Apple, IBM , and Motorola releases the first CHRP specifications.

1996

• February: Apple liscenses the Mac OS to Motorola, allows authority to subliscense for the first time.
• April 1: Apple celebrates its 20th birthday. The 20th Anniversary Macintosh is announced to commerate the occasion.
• April: IBM releases 166 MHz and 180 MHz 604e.
• May-July: Apple liscenses Mac OS to IBM. PowerPC 603e and 604e reach 200 MHz.
• August: Apple kills Copland Project. IBM and Motorola demo their CHRP prototypes. The third generation of PowerPC processors (G3) is announced. Motorola, Apple, and IBM predict an exponential gain in performance.
• October: System 7.55 is introduced.
• December: Apple buys NeXT, Inc. for $430 million. Development of Windows NT for PowerPC stops.

1997

• January 24: Mac OS 7.6, the first part of Apple's new OS strategy, is released exactly 13 years after the introduction of the Macintosh.
• January 26: Steve Jobs, back as an "advisor" due to the NeXT deal, announces the future of Rhapsody, Mac OS 8, Allegro, and Sonata, the Mac, NeXT, and Apple in general at Macworld Expo.
• April: Motorola introduces 300 MHz 603e.
• June: Motorola introduces 350 MHz Mach 5 604e.
• July: President and CEO Gil amelio and VP Ellen Hancock are forced to resign.
• July 22: Mac OS 8 is finally released. Selling 1.25 million copies in less than 2 weeks, it becomes the best-selling software in that period.
• August 6: former "advisor" Steve Jobs becomes "de facto head", announces Microsoft alliance at the Macworld Expo in Boston. Among the agreements are a cross-platform liscense, $150 million invested in Apple stocks, an undisclosed ammount of money for Apple (rumored to be $800 million), the production of MS Office for 5 years, and MS Internet Explorer as the default browser for the Mac OS.
• September: Motorola releases PowerPC 750 (G3) processor. Apple releases PowerMac 9600/350.
• September 2: Apple buys Power Computing's liscense and core assets, halts all CHRP liscensing. Motorola suspends shipment of StarMax 6000, the first CHRP Mac.
• September 11: Motorola discontinues all StarMax models and leaves Mac-clone market altogether. IBM later does the same.
• September 16: formerly "de facto head" Steve Jobs becomes "interim CEO" of Apple. Jobs remains CEO to this day.
• October: Apple seeds Rhapsody Developer Release 1.0. The new next-generation OS holds great promise for the computer industry.
• November 10: At worldwide "Apple Event", Apple releases the PowerMac G3. The Apple Store is also introduced, and a deal is made with CompUSA for an "Apple store within the store". Though this greatly increases Mac sales, many disapointed by lack of bigger news.
• December: The US Justice Department forces Microsoft to stop forcing clone vendors to bundle MS Internet Explorer with Windows 95.

1998

• January 7: Jobs announces a projected $47 million profit for the first quarter at Macworld Expo, finally bringing Apple back to profitability.
• January 31: Power Computing goes out of business for good. All office computers and supplies are auctioned off. Owners of Power Computing stock are mailed Apple stock.
• February 4: IBM shows off their 1.1 GHz (1100 MHz) PowerPC processor.
• February 27: After a little over 5 years, the Newton/eMate line has been discontinued by Apple. Instead, mobile-based products using Mac OS technology will be developed by 1999. Bandai also liquidates all Bandai @World (Pippin) consoles. This leaves the Macintosh once again as Apple's only computing platform.
• March 15: Apple "stores within stores" open in all of the 149 CompUSA locations across the country, answering the cry of many Mac users who loathe the patheticly small, incomplete, and out of stock Apple sections most retail computer stores provide.
• May: Apple announces the iMac and new PowerBook G3 models. Two of the most innovative machines I've ever seen.
• July: Apple announced their third consecutive profit, $101 million, higher than anyone had expected. "Apple is back" stories surface all over Internet, print, and TV. Macworld Expo higlights the many features of the iMac, and reveals Apple's software and hardware strategies for the rest of the millenium.
• July 30: Motorola releases 333, 366, and 400 MHz PowerPC processors. Planned to be used in the upcoming PowerMac G3 Pro models, as well as a revamped PowerBook G3, these chips are by far less energy consuming than even the older, slower G3s. The new G3 processors reportedly gain supercomputer status by government agencies.
• August 7: Apple announces 150,000 preorders for the iMac. Apple goes over $40/share, highest stock market price in three years.
• August 15: iMac is finally released to an incredibly anxious comnsumer market. Sold in numbers like nothing I've ever seen.
• September 1: iMac becomes the second best selling computer for the month of August, even though it was only on sale for two weeks.
  October: Morotorla releases the specs for the upcoming G4 series. The new processors will push microprocessor technology to the edge of possibility.
• October 14: Apple announces its first profitable year since 1995. Mac OS 8.5 is released to an ecstatic audience, promised Copland features appear. It is found that 43% of all iMac buyers are new to the Macintosh platform, an unimaginable number of new prospective buyers.

              And Here follows a Brief History, that seems to be interesting guys:

In the Beginning...

The graphical user interface now in use by every major operating system in the world has an intriguing history. First thought up in 1945 by Vanaver Bush in his "memex" computer, he envisioned a time when users would interact with a machine with a graphical interface. He later wrote a little about its design, but never really did anything with it. In the 50s though Douglas C. Engelbart took this idea and began to work on making it a reality. Working at a section of the Department of Defense called the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) he recruited several gifted computer scientists to design such a revolutionary machine. His team has many interesting ideas, and developed a couple notable products. The most notable of which was developed in 1963; a pointing device that had three buttons on one end and a cord one the other. Because the three buttons looked like eyes and a nose and the cord looked like a tail, the little pointing device was christened the "mouse".

Unfortunately, Engelbart enventually lost funding before he could finish his project. Most of the engineers working for Engelbart fled to a new facility at 3333 Coyote Hill Road, in Palo Alto, California. Called the Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) it was established in 1970 by Xerox Corporation. Not wanting to lose out on this new computer revolution Xerox had set the place up for useby the greatest geniuses in the computer industry at the time. They paid them simply to perform research pertaining to the field of computer science to eventually create new advancements in computers, regardless of price. Taking the visions of Engelbart, and their new visionaries like Larry Tesler and Alan Kay, these began work on a new type of computer. They decided that its operating system would do away with the arcane command-line interface and instead would emulate the simplicity of a user's desktop, where papers overlapped each other and were moved at will while actions were performed on them without complex commands to type. In only three years, there machine was created.

The Xerox Alto is Born

In 1973, the Xerox Alto was born. The Alto, shown at left, had many familiar features but contained totally absent to the computer industry at the time. The most shocking thing about the Alto is that it was design to be used by only one person, the first personal computer. In the days where huge mainframes used by several people at a time this was unheard of. Another radical new feature was the way it displayed information. The screen redrew everything, including text, as pictures. The whole screen was one big graphical display that used pixels, like a TV, each separately controlled using a process called "bit-mapping". The PARC team figured that it would be more aesthetically pleasing to the user if the display was just like a normal piece of paper. Instead of using the old phosphorous green-on-black display they used a black-on-white display. To accomplish this task they needed a bit-mapped display that consisted of pixels controlled by bits in memory. If the bit was turned on the pixel was white, if turned off the pixel was black. They succeeded in creating a black and white display that could show pictures and text with unprecedented accuracy. The display, which had a resolution of 808x606 pixels, was greater than the average resolutions today. Go to the Image Gallery for more pictures of the Alto

Another interesting feature about the display is that it employed different squares that could be moved and overlapped with each other, again just like paper, and performed different tasks. These squares were known as "windows" and were controlled using a cursor that would move by changing its position every time the screen redrew. Engelbart's mouse, now ten years old, was used to control the cursor ont he screen. The tasks were performed using a contextual menu that would pop-up allowing you to perform different actions with a click of the mouse. The Alto included many other accessories that was way ahead of its time. It was networked using "Ethernet" technology, a standard created at PARC, and used a "laser printer" which was developed there as well. Now as you can see these were all incredible breakthroughs, so Xerox should've become the leading power in the computer industry, righ? Well, all this technology came at a price. The bitmapped display used a lot of memory, every feature that was added upped the already high price of the machine. In total, the Alto would have a $40,000 price tag. "Unmarketable" Xerox thought, the machine was just way too expensive to only be used by one person. It wasn't until 8 years later, when they created the $16,000 Xerox Star in 1981, that they tried to market the product. By then a world dominated by cheap Apple IIs and IBM PCs was not about to invest thousands of dollars on a computer. Xerox did eventually make computers that sold a little, but it was too little too late. By that time niches had already been set and there was no room for the company. I always wonder what would've happened if they had released it when they did, seeing as how much more primitive computers released much later became such a success.

Apple Adds the Fuel to the PC Revolution

Later that decade several "hackers" began meeting to discuss microcomputing at the Homebrew Computer Club, just minutes away from PARC. Larry Tesler of PARC attended some of these meetings and was appalled by their amazement of small graphics routines on the screen. How could they be so awed by such primitive computing? To everybody but PARC engineers what the club was showing was the future. Another person attending these meetings was Steve Wozniak. Not being able to afford the Altair 8080 systems on display, he began work on his own computer to show off, the Apple-1. After building the machine, founding Apple Computer with Steve Jobs, selling it with moderate success, and working with future Apple employees, he began work on the Apple II. Needless to say it became an instant success with its color display, Disk ][ drive, and other neat features. In 1979, Raskin, the 31st person to join Apple, began work on a small project that would encompass a $500 business machine code-named Macintosh. He was still intrigued by the Smalltalk, and tried convincing Jobs to take a tour of PARC, much to the disinterest of Jobs. It wasn't until Bill Atkinson, a resident Apple genius working on the graphics routines for another project called Lisa, also suggested he should go that Jobs began to become curious about what lay at the Xerox facility. After offering Xerox a chance to invest $1 million in Apple, which was enjoying exponential stock growth, Apple was allowed two visits to PARC to see Smalltalk and the Alto.

The Unfortunate Doom of the Lisa

His first visit was in November 1979 where he saw the future of personal computing in the Alto. He began to scream and shout how revolutionary it was, and brought a handful of Apple VP's and engineers a month later to check it out. Jobs later demanded that the Lisa incorporate the PARC technology. Bill Atkinson, working for the Lisa group, suped up LisaGraf, responsible for the machine's graphics routines. The Lisa project team members worked furiously for years. They decided to make a application bundle to be included with the computer, and to make it incompatible with the Mac. This would prove deadly for the Lisa project. The $9998 Lisa Office System was finally introduced on January 1983, ten years after the Xerox Alto was developed. Ten thousand dollars for a machine that was notoriously slow, had no third-party software, a black & white display, and was not compatible with any other computer was not a good investment people thought. Very few embraced the Lisa, and like the Alto it was inevitably doomed to failure.

Although much of the interface of both the Lisa and Mac was based heavily on the work done at PARC, and 15 of the engineers at Xerox later left to join Apple, much of the Mac and Lisa operating systems were already written before Job's visit to PARC. The Lisa team had added extra features not included in the Alto including the dragging, double-clicking of icons, pull-down menus, a menubar at the top, and the famous trash can. The Lisa OS also had preemptive multitasking. This and the fact that the Lisa team had no guide or set of instructions to follow, therefore having to "reinvent the wheel" according to what some of them had seen is reason enough to give them the full credit they deserve. See a Lisa OS 7/7 screen shot, or a color picture of the Lisa.

The Macintosh arrives to a skeptical audience.

The Macintosh team decided to take a different approach. Following Raskin's lead and heavily motivated by Jobs, they kept the Mac small, cheap, and cost-effective. Jobs and the Mac team were persistent on "putting a dent on the universe" as the famous quote goes. They allowed third-party companies to develop applications for the Mac. They created the Mac Toolbox, to be set in the ROM. They gave several examples of how to create applications for the Mac and created the Macintosh Interface Guidelines, appropriately nicknamed the religion of the Mac programmer. They created the Finder, arguably one of the greatest applications ever for the machine. It seemed the Mac would be the next big thing, but it too had problems on its introduction. The Mac was too small, too inefficient. Its 128k of memory could barely support the memory it needed to perform the same routines the Lisa did with 10 times the memory. MacDraw (created by Atkinson) and MacWrite (created by Randy Wingginton), two of the applications bundled with the Mac. They were essentially too good. Mediocre software was pratically forbidden for the Mac OS, and there were only so many excellent programmers willing to take the challenge. Even worse, the Mac was being perceived as a toy. Luckily, enough did to save the platform. After the introduction of the Mac 512k, Mac 512ke, and the Mac Plus, as well as applications like Pagemaker, Word, Excel, and much evangelism by the Apple staff, companies began to take notice. "Desktop publishing" was born, and the Mac was ensured a place in computer history. Eventually, Mac style GUIs were even created for the Apple II series: MouseWorks for the IIc and GS/OS for the IIGS. See a conception screen shot of Mac OS System 1.0. See a screen shot of the GS/OS.

Apple and Microsoft Declare War

Bill Gates also decided the GUI was the way to go during this time. After seeing that Apple refused to license the Mac OS, he announced Windows in 1983, and how it would revolutionize the PC industry. The first version of Windows would not be released for 4 more years. During the development of Windows, Bill Gates feared Apple would sue him due to the fact that his OS was looking a lot like the Mac OS. So on November 22, 1983, John Sculley, then CEO of Apple, signed an agreement to allow Microsoft use Mac OS technology in exchange for further development of Microsoft software for the Mac. This single event would be one of the biggest mistakes in the history of the microcomputing industry. Windows 1.01 was finally released for use with IBM computers and compatible clones on August 11, 1987. Its arcane interface, built on the cryptic MS-DOS operating system, was almost unusable. With its unsightly tiled windows and lack of icons, it was a large disappointment. Even so, Jobs began to complain about how Microsoft had stolen the Mac OS's interface design to which Bill Gates replied in the March 14, 1989 edition of MacWEEK:

"Hey, Steve, just because you broke into Xerox's house before I did and took the TV doesn't mean I can't go in later and take the stereo"

Windows 2.03 was released on January of the following year. This version included overlapping windows and Mac-like icons. Nevertheless, Windows was not even up to par with Smalltalk, released 15 years earlier. On March 22, 1988, Apple filed an 11-page lawsuit against Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard, whose NewWave software ran on Windows. The court battle raged on for 5 years during which Windows 3.1 (the most used OS in the world with 40% market share) was released. Thought Apple looked to be winning through most of the proceedings, the suit was finally dismissed. The agreement made by Sculley in '83 along with the fact that the Macintosh was a lot like the Alto was enough for the court to rule in Microsoft's favor. On the bright side, this might have worked out for the best for Apple. In 1991 Xerox filed suit against Apple for the same reason, and the court dismissed the law suit for similar grounds. Rumor now has it that the "undisclosed sum for an Apple technology license" Microsoft paid Apple in August of 1997 to settle any arguments about who plagiarized whose OS was much larger.

And the Saga Continues...

Today there are several popular graphical operating systems, and people still argue over which is best. Ironically though, out of the near 400 million computer users most still use Windows 3.1, now 6 years old. I won't mention anything about Windows 95, since I wouldn't be able to stop. Windows 98 finally came out, sans the super-hype that came with Windows 95. Personally, I don't see any difference between it and its predecessor with Internet Explorer installed, except for bug fixes and features added years ago in other operating systems. Windows NT 5 has been pushed back...to 1999, and eventually will be merged with Windows 98 to form Windows NTC. It will supposedly bring together features from both systems. Don't hold your breathe till it comes though.

Mac users have now seen the arrival of the next product in Apple's OS strategy, Mac OS 8.5. It includes features first promised in Copland, new interface enhancements, and rock-solid stability. A little later on will come the release of Mac OS X Server 1.0, the first consumer version of the OS first announced when Gil Amelio was the chief. Mac OS X Server will stay mostly as a server and power user's OS, while development of it will pretty much stop there. Rhapsody's great technologies will then be combined with the Mac OS's strengths to form Mac OS X. Developers seem the most excited about this approach, because they will not have to write new applications as they would have to with Rhapsody. I think Apple is finally on the rght track, finally regaining profit, making good decisions, and great products. The future looks brighter every day.